<p>The Baltimore County Courthouses are located in Towson, Maryland, the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The older, original Baltimore County Courthouse was built between 1854 and 1856. It has had three additions that eventually formed an H shape. It houses many of the offices of the county government, including the executive branch, county executive, and their departments, agencies, boards, commissions, and other bodies, and the county council.</p><br>
<p>The County Courts Building, known as the new courthouse, lies to the west, separated by a plaza. Built between 1970 and 1971, it houses the civil, criminal, family and juvenile divisions of the 3rd Judicial Circuit of the Circuit Courts of Maryland, and the Baltimore County Sheriff&#39;s Office, which is charged with the protection of the courthouse and its judicial personnel and countywide law enforcement functions.</p><br>
<h2>First courthouse</h2><br>
<p>Originally constructed in 1854–55, at a cost then of thirty thousand dollars ($30,000), the building is one of the few H-plan buildings, public or private, remaining in the State. All of the original exterior treatments are preserved intact.</p><br>
<p>The Towsontown Courthouse was founded in 1854. It replaced the earlier city and county courthouses that had been shared since 1768 by both Baltimore Town (and later City) and the surrounding County. The first one was located in old "Courthouse Square", now in downtown. Construction began in the port town of Baltimore in 1768, a year after it was newly designated as the county seat. This had formerly been at old Joppa, a village near the mouth of the Gunpowder River at Chesapeake Bay along the mid-eastern boundaries of the County. Without the court functions, the village declined. Baltimore is located on the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River and had been founded in 1730.</p><br>
<p>The old Courthouse Square had always been a gathering place for news, gossip and protests, along with mass meetings and assemblies of the citizenry. It became the site of a memorial for the soldiers and officers in the Battle of North Point with the British Army, which took place southeast of the city on the Patapsco Neck, as well as honoring those in the bombardment at Fort McHenry during the recent Battle of Baltimore. It was renamed as Battle Monument Square. The second courthouse was built during 1815 to 1822, and its east side faced this square. the east side of the second courthouse faced the new adjoining</p><br>
<p>Across from the city and county courthouse was the Battle Monument which replaced the previous first County and Town Courts, later known as the "Courthouse on Stilts" as the 1768 building was temporarily saved from razing when it became necessary to extend Calvert Street further north, so later in 1784, local town builder Leonard Harbaugh erected a new brick/stone foundation under the building resting on arches supporting the building and cut away ground around it enabling the street passage beneath, in the Square at the edge of the cliffs then overlooking the bend of the Jones Falls flowing south to the harbor. The first courthouse in the square was razed around 1804-1805. It was also here on July 29, 1776, that the recently adopted Declaration of Independence proclaimed three weeks earlier by the Second Continental Congress at the old Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, was read to the townfolk along the Patapsco River.</p><br>
<p>The historic Baltimore County Courthouse is an edifice of limestone and marble, two stories in height and nine bays in length, surrounded by a modest park and square on the east (and north/south) sides; this is landscaped with a variety of flowers and shrubs and small trees, with winding paths and benches. Several small memorials and historical objects are displayed.</p><br>
<h2>Second courthouse</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>A second city and county courthouse was constructed in 1768 across the street from the old public square in downtown Baltimore. It is to the west at the northwestern corner facing East Lexington Street and North Calvert Street. For several years, it faced the empty square of the recently razed earlier colonial-era courthouse. This center city site was considered for the proposed first monument to honor George Washington, commanding General of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and first President of the United States.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The town lay a cornerstone for the new planned Washington column on Independence Day, July 4, 1814, 15 years after the presidents death and during the War of 1812. This was a few months before the massive military attack by British sea and land forces later that September, when they burned the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Local home owners feared that the unusually tall column proposed might threaten their houses, and the proposed Washington memorial was moved north of the town to "Howards Woods" on land donated by Col. John Eager Howard, to the west of his mansion on his estate of "Belvidere". It is now at the center of Baltimore&#39;s Washington Square.</p><br>
<p>The east original facade of 1855-1856 is of Greek Revival-styled architecture, with a portico/porte-cochère that has a pediment supported by fluted Doric columns. The structure is one hundred and twelve feet in length in front, by fifty-six feet in depth. A shallow A-frame roof of the main block is crowned with a centered, eight-windowed, pilastered, frame cupola bearing a domed copper roof.</p><br>
<p>The second courthouse of Georgian style was constructed on the southwest corner of then North Calvert and East Lexington streets, opposite the old "Courthouse Square" in which the Battle Monument, which was designed by French architect Maximilian Godefroy, was located.</p><br>
<h4>Star-Spangled Banner</h4><br>
<p>The Battle Monument commemorated Defenders&#39; Day, a city, county, and state official holiday of the British attack on Baltimore. The "rockets red glare, the bombs bursting in air" were lines of a poem initially titled "The Defence of Fort McHenry", which soon appeared on printed broadsheets and handbills from the offices of the Baltimore American around town and was soon published in the Baltimore Patriot.</p><br>
<p>It was written by poet and lawyer Francis Scott Key, of Frederick and Georgetown, who witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the truce ship Minden anchored downriver on the Patapsco River, probably off Sparrows Point on the north side near the river entrance or the Royal Navys invasion fleets landing site at North Point. Key had been invited by officials and neighbors to try to negotiate the release of William Beanes, a physician from Prince Georges County, who was captured by the British. Keys poem was set to music in a few days at a local Baltimore theatre and neighboring tavern on Holliday Street, and quickly became known as the "Star-Spangled Banner."</p><br>
<p>In 1931, the song was designated by the USA Congress as the national anthem.</p><br>
<h4>Maryland Constitution</h4><br>
<p>After debates and votes, the new second Maryland Constitution of 1851 was adopted, including provisions for elevating the city of Baltimore to the status of an independent city on the same status of all of the other counties of the state and increasing its representation and number of votes and members in each chamber of the state legislature, in the House of Delegates and the State Senate in the General Assembly of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>With the positive vote, Baltimore, which had functioned as the county seat of Baltimore County since 1767, an 84-year tenure was separated and established as an "independent city" with the status of one of 23 counties of Maryland as of July 4, 1851. A subsequent series of votes and referendums by the citizens of the remaining reduced territory of new Baltimore County, voted to move the new county seat to what was then called then "Towsontown", as of February 13, 1854.</p><br>
<p>Named for the Towson family of early colonial settlers, brothers William and Thomas Towson, who moved to the area from Pennsylvania in the early 1750s, their homestead was located near the current traffic circle at Joppa at York and Dulaney Valley Roads, where they began farming at Saters Hill, just to the northeast. Thomas son, Ezekiel, later built a log tavern where present-day Recher Theatre is based.</p><br>
<p>Ezekiels tavern soon became a regular stopping place for travelers and farmers heading north out of the city or south with their crops towards Baltimore, beginning the small cross-roads communitys place as a commercial place for doing business. Several hundred yards to the northwest at the current 617 York Road, is the wood-frame house of Solomon Schmuck, now a bridal boutique store, which is said by local historians to be Towson&#39;s oldest house.</p><br>
<p>He married Catharine Towson, one of hotelier Ezekiel&#39;s 12 children, and granddaughter to Thomas, uniting the Schmuck and Towson families. Ezekiel became a leader in the county and its support for the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Catherine Townsons carved tombstone, the last upright stone remaining in a small family plot, surrounded by several other unmarked relatives graves, including the connected Shealey family, was recently surrounded in 2014 by the construction of the Towson Square shopping and entertainment development, a four-acre project costing $85 million. Also buried in the plot is General Nathan Towson, a veteran of the War of 1812 whose reputation increased the profile of the small town in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the new County Courthouse was laid with elaborate ceremonies and a procession, on October 19, 1854, in front of a numerous assemblage in what was still then known as "Towsontown". Coleman Yellott, a local attorney, delivered the official address and oratory for the occasion, saying:</p><br>
<p>The ceremony which you had assembled to witness, has now been performed. The Corner Stone of the building has been laid; and soon the edifice itself will rise towards the Heavens, attracting, by the beauty of its proportions and the simple grandeur of its walls, the admiring gaze of every traveler along yonder highway. May it stand for ages, in sunshine and in storm, firm and unshaken as the hill in which its foundations are planted; and may it ever be pointed to as a temple of Justice!"</p><br>
<p>Designed by local city architects of Dixon, Bilbirnie & Dixon and Baldwin & Pennington, which included Ephraim Francis Baldwin and Josias Pennington. The building was completed in 1855 by the builder, William H. Allen, but the first session of the Court was not held until two years later, on January 5, 1857, after a long battle about the land title for the site from Grafton M. Bosley, who owned a large portion of the western side of the town and presented it to the county with a "right-of-way" to it from the Baltimore and York Turnpike. It was finally resolved from the nearby turnpike company in December 1856.</p><br>
<p>On May 15, 1857, the new courthouse and the jail, which is two blocks south, were declared finished and formally handed over to the county commissioners. Six years later, the building was the object of an arson attack. According to The New York Times, on August 14, 1861, the building was "fired by incendiary". The articles reports that the fire was contained to the records office and the rest of the building escaped damage.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The building was enlarged in 1910, again in 1925, and a third time in 1958. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>County Courts Building</h2><br>
<p>The Baltimore County Courts Building is located on Bosley Avenue in Towson, Maryland. It faces the same public square as does the first, historic Baltimore County Courthouse. Sometimes referred to as the "New Courthouse" in the context of the two buildings, it was designed in the modernist style and constructed about 1970. It has white stone panels that match the older building.</p><br>
<p>It houses the 17 judges of the Circuit Court of Maryland for Baltimore County, the offices of the Baltimore County State&#39;s Attorney, juvenile and equity masters, four retired judges, and nearly 100 support personnel. Courtrooms, judges bailiffs, and staff for the District Courts of Maryland, dealing with lower-level legal matters, are located in several district courthouses in various sections of the county, to the east and the west.</p><br>
<p>Copps Hill Burying Ground is a historic cemetery in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts. Established in 1659, it was originally named "North Burying Ground", and was the citys second cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded on February 20, 1659, when the town bought land on Copps Hill from John Baker and Daniel Turell to start the "North Burying Ground". Now named "Copps Hill Burying Ground" (although often referred to as "Copps Hill Burial Ground"), it is the second-oldest cemetery in Boston (after Kings Chapel Burying Ground, which was founded in 1630). It contains more than 1200 marked graves, including the remains of various notable Bostonians from the colonial era into the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The first extension was made on January 7, 1708, when the town bought additional land from Judge Samuel Sewall and his wife Hannah. The land was part of a pasture which Mrs. Sewall had inherited from her father, John Hull, master of the mint.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Weld and his wife Nabby sold the second extension to the town for $10,000 (~$ in ) on December 18, 1809, soon after they had bought it from Jonathan Merry, who had used it as pasture. Ten years later, Charles Wells, later mayor of Boston, bought a small parcel of land from John Bishop of Medford and used this as a cemetery that was later merged with the adjacent North Burying Ground. Because of this complicated history, it is no longer possible to discern the original boundaries of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>On the Snow Hill Street side are the many unmarked graves of the African Americans who lived in the "New Guinea" community at the foot of the hill. In addition to the graves there are 272 tombs, most of which bear inscriptions that are still legible.</p><br>
<p>By 1840 the cemetery had fallen into near disuse but the town continued to maintain the site intermittently. By 1878 it was badly neglected. The cemetery was not an official stop on the Freedom Trail when it was created in 1951 but it has since been added and is much-frequented by tourists and photographers. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>William Copp&#39;s children</p><br>
<p>Shem Drowne, coppersmith, author of the grasshopper weathervane atop Faneuil Hall</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Edes, journalist and agitator</p><br>
<p>F. W. P. Greenwood, Unitarian minister of King&#39;s Chapel in Boston</p><br>
<p>Prince Hall, abolitionist and founder of Black Freemasonry</p><br>
<p>Edmund Hartt, master carpenter</p><br>
<p>Samuel Mather, Independent minister</p><br>
<p>Increase Mather, Puritan minister</p><br>
<p>Cotton Mather, Puritan minister</p><br>
<p>Robert Newman, one of two patriots who placed the signal lanterns in the steeple of Old North Church for Paul Revere&#39;s midnight ride to Lexington and Concord</p><br>
<p>John Norman, publisher</p><br>
<p>Major Samuel Shaw, first American consul at Canton</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Upsall, Puritan and later Quaker leader</p><br>
<p>John Webster, Lecturer at Harvard Medical College who murdered George Parkman in 1849</p><br>
<p>Phillis Wheatley, first published woman of African descent, poet, former slave</p><br>
<p>George Worthylake, first keeper of the Boston Light</p><br>
<p>The South Main Street Historic District is a historic district in Coventry, Rhode Island. It extends along South Main Street from its crossing of the South Branch of the Pawtuxet River in the north, to just below Wood Street in the south, and includes a few properties on immediately adjacent streets. The area is almost entire residential, and was developed in the 19th century, providing housing for middle-class workers not directly affiliated with the mills that lined the river. About half the houses were built before 1850, and exhibit either Federal or Greek Revival styling, while most of the remaining houses were built before 1920. The principal non-residential structures are a VFW hall, which began as a mid-19th century residential structure associated with Rhode Island&#39;s prominent Whipple family, the Stillwater Company mill at the northern end of the district , and the three-room Cady Street Schoolhouse .</p><br>
<p>The area was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Jennings-Salter House, also known as the Michael Salter House, is a historic house located in Lancaster, Kentucky. The house was placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1821 to 1826. It is a one-story, five-bay, Federal-style structure built of brick laid in Flemish bond.</p><br>
<p>At some point, it came to house the Garrard County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Bristol County Courthouse  is an historic courthouse on High Street in Bristol, Rhode Island, USA built in 1816. It was originally one of five locations in Rhode Island which hosted the state legislature on a rotating basis, and served as the county courthouse through the 1980s. Currently the building is used for educational and community programs, meetings, and events.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The architect of the Federal style courthouse is unknown; official state records of the time do not list any individual involved with the building. There are good architectural and political reasons to believe the architect may have been Russell Warren or possibly John Holden Greene. The building&#39;s structure is of stone, originally faced in brick, although that has since been stuccoed over.</p><br>
<p>The original design of the interior of the building had a central staircase leading to a platform and split risers to the second floor. In 1836, the stairs were moved in a major redesign.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1814, the state General Assembly held a competition for a new courthouse; they accepted Bristol&#39;s offer of a location on Bristol Town Common facing Bristol Harbor, which was then a major transportation hub.</p><br>
<p>The building was used between 1816 and 1854 as one of five locations for meetings of the Rhode Island House of Representatives and Senate. In 1854 the General Assembly decided to meet only in Providence or Newport.</p><br>
<p>The building housed municipal offices and courts, in addition to the state legislature. In the 1930s it was restored by Providence architects Howe & Church.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The building continued as the seat of Bristol County&#39;s court until the 1980s. The Bristol County Sheriff maintained offices there until 1997, when the building was purchased from the state for $1 by the Bristol Statehouse Foundation. The nonprofit foundation has worked to restore and maintain the building. Currently the building is used for education, community programs, meetings, and events. It also serves as the headquarters for the Bristol Fourth of July Committee.</p><br>
<p>Longfield  is an historic house at 1200 Hope Street in Bristol, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The large house was designed in 1848 by architects Russell Warren & Son on sixty acres of DeWolf family land; it was given to Charles Dana Gibson (the grandfather of the famous artist and namesake) upon his marriage to Abbey DeWolf, the daughter of the late US Senator James DeWolf. Warren had built many other important buildings in Bristol for the DeWolf family, who rose to prominence through wealth gained from the Atlantic slave trade.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the house was passed down from Abbey DeWolf Gibson to granddaughter Josephine Gibson, who became the longtime chatelaine of the estate. Josephine was one of the models of the "Gibson Girl" illustrated by her brother, named Charles Dana Gibson after their paternal grandfather.</p><br>
<p>Josephine Gibson married a Mr. Knowlton and made Longfield a center of social and artistic gatherings until her death in 1969. Her son, bookbinder Daniel Gibson Knowlton, sold the house in 1972. In May of that year, it was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places. The property includes smaller houses and cottages, originally constructed to house servants and caretakers.</p><br>
<p>Knowlton built an adjacent home and bookbindery, named Longfield Studio, on the property at 1202 Hope Street.</p><br>
<p>The property has been sold several times since it passed out of the family. Various owners announced intentions to convert the property to a single-family house, a "green inn", a place for weddings and functions, or an artists&#39; residency. In the early 21st century, renovations were begun, then halted, and the property was sold twice in 2012. By January 2014 the structure was seriously neglected and derelict, missing windows and the porch floor. Its future is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>There is a nearly identical house, built c. 1845, at 64 Kay Street in Newport.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a slightly altered example of Gothic Revival architecture interpreted in wood. According to a National Park Service survey, the foundation of the house is of stuccoed stone and the walls are constructed of wood clapboards. The house has four chimneys. The original cut-out bargeboard trim was removed from the gables around 1907. The front porch was rebuilt with a steeper shingled roof and its Gothic bracing and wooden crockets were removed. The Gothic window over the front porch may have had its sill-level raised. The south side porch was enlarged from a half-octagon shaped protrusion, which had been accessible from only the south parlor window. Its Gothic balustrade, bracing and parapet railing were kept. The original exterior window blinds of the house are stored in the attic. The rear entrance porch was rebuilt in 1963. The original partition separating the front southwest bedroom from a dressing room was removed. The house originally had a wood-shingled roof and was painted light red with darker trim. As of 1979, the house was painted white with black trim.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Josephine Gibson Knowlton and Andrea Hurley recorded the history of the house and the family in a number of books.</p><br>
<p>Longfield: The House on the Neck (1956)</p><br>
<p>Butterballs and Finger Bowls (1960)</p><br>
<p>What a Life: The Incredible Story of Josephine "Dadie" Jordan (2004)</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Greensburg Historic District in Greensburg, Kentucky, the county seat of Green County, is a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. It consists of 47 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Greensburg was founded in 1794. The town site was originally called Glovers Station, named after its founder John Glover in 1779. The name change was due to the founding of Green County, and renaming the town to reflect the countys name. The county name was to honor American Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene.</p><br>
<p>Due to their proximity to the Cumberland Trace, the town and the county grew rapidly. Green County&#39;s population jumped from 1,000 in 1790 to 6,096 in 1800, 6,735 in 1810, and 11,943 in 1820, with its highest population being 14,212 in 1840, when the county included what is now Taylor County.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings in the district are of Federal or Greek Revival architectural style. Due to the heyday of the town and county being between 1794 and 1840, almost all the outstanding architecture is pre-1840, as after that year the population decreased in favor of other areas in Kentucky, as the Cumberland Trace gave way to railroads and steamboats for transportation. Although it escaped any conflict during the Civil War, it still was impacted by the economic downturn felt by the rest of Kentucky after the War. It also means that the basic structure of Kentucky seats built around 1800 is largely intact.</p><br>
<p>The center of the historic district features the old courthouse, which was separately listed on the National Register 31 years before the district itself. It was the second courthouse the county had. It was built by five men between 1802 and 1804, and was used for 130 years, ceasing to be an active courthouse in 1931. The Jane Todd Crawford Library was on the second floor. It is the oldest courthouse west of the Allegheny Mountains. The limestone used in its construction was quarried locally. Thomas Metcalfe, future Kentucky state governor, was one of the builders of the Old Courthouse building. It is the oldest courthouse west of the Appalachians.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church is an historic Episcopal church at 42 Dearborn Street in Newport, Rhode Island. The church began as a mission of Newport&#39;s Trinity Church in 1841. In 1852, it was admitted into the diocese as Emmanuel Free Church in its own right.</p><br>
<p>The current building was designed by architectural firm Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson in Late Gothic Revival style. It was built between 1900 and 1902, thanks to a donation in memory of John Nicholas Brown I by his widow, Natalie Bayard Brown. Brown donated the reredos and murals in 1921 in honor of Armistice Day. In the early 1930s, E. Power Biggs served as its organist. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Boston Young Mens Christian Union is a historic building at 48 Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts and a liberal Protestant youth association. When Unitarians were excluded from the Boston YMCA  in 1851, a group of Harvard students founded a Christian discussion group, which was incorporated as the Boston YMCU in 1852. In 1873, the organization decided to construct its own building. $270,000 was raised, and construction on the original segment completed in 1875. The building was designed by Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee, constructed in a High Victorian Gothic style, and included ground-level retail. Several additions were made, including in 1956. The building was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1977 and added to the National Historic Register in 1980. Boston YMCU owned Camp Union, a 600 acre camp, in Greenfield, New Hampshire  . From its renovation in 2003 to 2011 it was called the Boylston Street Athletic Club, and later the Boston Union Gym or BYMCU Athletic Club. The Boston Young Mens Christian Union claims to be "America&#39;s First Gym".</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts Commission for the Blind moved out in 2012, and the organization began failing financially. In 2016, plans were announced to redevelop the site as 46 units of affordable housing, in partnership with the Planning Office for Urban Affairs of the Archdiocese of Boston.</p><br>
<h2>Goal (1852)</h2><br>
<p>The BYMCU goal in 1852 was to furnish the young men of Boston and vicinity a place of pleasant resort where the influences are beneficial and elevating, to provide them with opportunity of self-improvement and healthful recreation, at little or no expense; to give them opportunities for doing good, by engaging in charitable and benevolent work.</p><br>
<h2>Members</h2><br>
<p>All young men of good moral character, and claiming to believe in the truths of Christianity, without distinction of sect or party, were eligible as members of this society.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>The report of 1871 shows the Union organized, with committees as follows: finance; lectures, classes, and entertainments; library</p><br>
<p>rooms; members; benevolent action; public worship and religious study. Sunday religious services were maintained, seats in churches furnished</p><br>
<p>to young men, teachers supplied for Sunday schools and missions, boarding-places recommended, employment secured, savings deposited, and practical benevolent work engaged in. In 1875, there were classes in book-keeping, German, French, parliamentary law, vocal music, astronomy, elocution, and Shakespeare; monthly socials were held, at which many of Bostons most cultured women were present; and a Christmas and New Years festival was given to poor children. In 1895, we note, 2,318 children and 267 adults were sent to the country for short periods, and carriage and other drives for shut-ins and convalescents to the number of 8,070 provided. The report for 1900 showed that the secular classes had grown in variety and attendance, that the library had 15,000 volumes, that the membership was 5,554, that religious services had been held every Sunday except during July and August, and that over $18,000 had been expended in drives, bay trips, and country visits for the poor.</p><br>
<p>The Piano Row District is a historic district encompassing two blocks of buildings facing Boston Common at the corner of Tremont Street and Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The district extends along Boylston from Park Square to Tremont, and along Tremont to Avery Street. The district also includes two buildings on Tremont just south of Boylston: the Cutler Majestic Theater, and the 1925 Union Savings Bank building at 216-218 Tremont. This area was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and became known as "Piano Row" because of the concentration of music-related businesses, including several piano showrooms. The flagship store for M. Steinert and Sons, Boston&#39;s longtime Steinway dealer, has been located here since 1896, and features a fine underground performance hall, which has unfortunately been virtually abandoned due to fire codes.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Phipps Street Burying Ground is a historic cemetery on Phipps Street in Charlestown, now a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The burial ground was created in 1630, when Charlestown was a separate community from Boston; it is the oldest cemetery within Boston&#39;s present limits. The "Charlestown Carver", an anonymous stone cutter active in the 1660s, began an important regional style that was continued by the Lamson family for many generations.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Interments</h2><br>
<p>Since it was the only cemetery in Charlestown (which was annexed to Boston in the 19th century) for many years, it had a wide range of class and situation:</p><br>
<p>Prince Bradstreet, "an honest man of color".</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Gorham, Congressman 1820–23, 1827–31, 1833–35.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Gorham, president of the Continental Congress and signer of the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>John Harvard, for whom Harvard University is named.</p><br>
<p>Oliver Holden, an American composer and compiler of hymns.</p><br>
<p>Edward Michael Wigglesworth (c. 1693–1765), a clergyman, teacher and theologian in Colonial America.</p><br>
<p>Phineas Pratt, a joiner, arrived 1622, aboard Sparrow with Weston&#39;s men. Made a solo, treacherous trek to Plymouth to warn Standish of the Indian uprising at Wessagusset (Weymouth).</p><br>
<p>The Winthrop Building is an historic skyscraper at 7 Water Street  in Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The nine-story brick-and-terracotta building was designed by Clarence H. Blackall in the Renaissance Revival style, and has the distinction of being the first skyscraper in the city to have been constructed with a steel frame. Completed in 1894, it was originally known as the Carter Building, but was renamed the Winthrop Building in 1899 after the Puritan Governor John Winthrop, whose second house was located adjacent to the site. Prominent past tenants include Landscape Architect Fletcher Steele in the 1920s and the Boston offices of the Associated Press.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, and was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Pleasant Historic District is an historic district and neighborhood in the western part of the Allison Hill neighborhood of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It is located from Market to Brookwood and Allison Hill Bluff to 19th street.</p><br>
<p>Home to mostly Victorian architecture in considerable variety and ornate detail, it is the oldest section of Allison Hill, and represents Harrisburg&#39;s early development to the east of downtown. It was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An industry-centered community that was developed between 1880 and 1920 with views of the city of city&#39;s commercial and government operations, this area of Harrisburg evolved into a mixture of the typical, working-class brick and wood-construction rowhouses of the area, mansions owned by prominent, late nineteenth and early twentieth-century manufacturers, churches, schools, and industrial structures that were built near the railroad line. It is a prime example of a neighborhood created by and for Harrisburg residents to combine work, residence, commerce and transportation densely together into a cohesive community.</p><br>
<p>Among the structures included in the district are the Derry Street United Methodist Church at 1508 Derry Street, which was built in 1908 and known, originally, as the Derry Street United Brethren and Evangelical Church, and the Beidleman House at 1225 Market Street, which was built in 1906 for Edward E. Beidleman, a prominent, twentieth-century politician and attorney.</p><br>
<h2>Places of note</h2><br>
<p>Carson Stamm Mansion</p><br>
<p>McFarland Press Building</p><br>
<p>Old Webster Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Heights Mansion</p><br>
<p>Colvin Run Mill is in Great Falls, Virginia. Built c. 1811, Colvin Run Mill is the sole</p><br>
<p>surviving operational 19th-century water-powered mill in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, and its restored mechanism is a nationally significant example of automated technologies pioneered in milling and later adopted across American industry.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Down the gravel path of the park is the miller&#39;s house, home to the families who ran the mill. In 1883, Addison Millard moved his family here when he bought the old mill. Addison, his wife Emma, and some of their 20 children lived there. When Addison died, the family stayed and operated the mill until 1934.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1930s the mill was abandoned, and highway development caused it to be cut off from any near-by water source. The mill was later acquired by the Fairfax County Park Authority, repaired, and made open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War era</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Dranesville was a small battle during the American Civil War that took place between Confederate forces under Brigadier General J. E. B. Stuart and Union forces under Brigadier General Edward O. C. Ord on December 20, 1861, in Fairfax County, Virginia, as part of Major General George B. McClellan&#39;s operations in northern Virginia. The two forces on similar winter-time patrols encountered and engaged one another in the crossroads village of Dranesville.</p><br>
<p>Ord, leading the 10,000 strong 3rd Brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves set out west from Langley to clear the south bank of the Potomac River of Confederate pickets and partisans in Fairfax and Loudoun. At Colvin Run Mill, Ord left half his force to protect his rear and prevent his force from being cut off from their base at Langley. The battle resulted in a Union victory.</p><br>
<p>The New Mt. Moriah Baptist Church is located at 13100 Woodward Avenue in Highland Park, Michigan in Metro Detroit. It was built in 1922 as the Trinity United Methodist Church, in the Gothic Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trinity United Methodist was built by the Cass United Methodist Church of Detroit, as a mission church to serve membership in Highland Park who lived too far to travel the eight miles to Cass United. The structure served as a Methodist church from its dedication in 1923 until 1978. In the 1950s the church had a mission for Japanese people.</p><br>
<p>After Trinity left the building in 1978, the next year the New Mt. Moriah Baptist Church congregation moved into the building. New Mt. Moriah was established in 1952. As of 2021, the church remained in the building, led by Rev. Eddie Cooper, Jr., Pastor and First Lady Carlethia Cooper.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The former Trinity United Methodist Church is a gray limestone, Gothic Revival church measuring 125 feet by 110 feet. The main facade has a gabled, two-story entrance pavilion with a recessed entrance located between a plain extension and a crenelated tower with belfry. On the side, there is a shallow, gabled transept with a large window, and a projecting entrance between the church and attached chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Wencl Kajer Farmstead is a former dairy farm in New Market Township, Minnesota, United States. Situated on a hill with a distinctive round barn built in 1918, the farm was a prominent local landmark. The barn was removed from the property sometime between 2008 and 2017. The principal remaining historic building is the 1920 brick farmhouse. The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its significance in the themes of agriculture and architecture. It was nominated for being a highly visible representative of dairy farming, the predominant form of agriculture in 20th-century Scott County, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wencl Kajer Farmstead is 2 mi west of Elko New Market, Minnesota, in an agricultural landscape of rolling hills. The farmhouse is a two-story building of brick with a footprint of 26 ft by 36 ft. A porch wraps around two sides. The roof is an intersecting gable with wide eaves. A mid-20th-century garage addition extends off the north end of the house. The round barn was a wood frame structure with a 60 ft diameter. At the time of the National Register nomination, the barn had board and batten siding painted white. The conical roof was a shallow-angled gambrel surmounted by a cupola.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wencl Kajer of New Prague, Minnesota, purchased this land in 1907 and established a dairy farm. He had the round barn built in 1918 and the farmhouse in 1920. Kajer sold the thriving farm to new owners in 1955. They immediately modified the interior of the barn with 33 cow stalls, added a garage to the house and, in the early 1960s, built a feed room and a milk house extending off the barn. The property was still in use as a dairy farm when it was added to the National Register in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Ruffin Drew  Fletcher House, also known as the George Allen Dicus, M.D., House, is a historic house in the city of Streator, Illinois. It was constructed in 1890 and is a good example of stick-style architecture. The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ruffin Drew Fletcher, or simply R. D. Fletcher, House was constructed in 1890. Ruffin Drew Fletcher took a job with the Chicago, Wilmington and Vermilion Coal Company in 1876 and moved to Streator, Illinois. The coal company constructed the house for Fletcher and he stayed in it until 1900 when he was transferred to another location and the house was sold to Dr. George Dicus.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Fletcher House shows the characteristics of Victorian stick-style architecture in its decorative ornamentation and roof massing. It falls into a subcategory of stick-style houses that Virginia and Lee McAlester described as the gabled roof classification in their Field Guide to American Houses. The Fletcher House contains many of the specific elements described by the McAlesters.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>There are two outbuildings on the property, a one-story wash house and a two-story carriage house. Both structures were built at the same time as the house and also in the stick style. The outbuildings lack the ornamentation of the house but still contribute to the architectural significance of the Fletcher House.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Fletcher House maintains its 1890s architectural integrity. On a local level, the earliest changes to the house, such as the installation of electric fans, illustrates the life style of the upper middle class in Streator, Illinois. The Ruffin Drew Fletcher House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1991. Both outbuildings were included as contributing properties in the National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>Humes Preparatory Academy Middle School, formerly the L. C. Humes High School, is a middle school located in Memphis, Tennessee. It has also been known as North Side High School and as L.C. Humes Junior High School. It was open as a high school from the 1930s through 1967 and later became a middle school in the Memphis City Schools district. In 2004, the school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for "its significance in education to Memphis, Tennessee and its Collegiate Gothic design", the latter the work of noted architect George Awsumb.</p><br>
<p>The school also has a connection to Elvis Presley, who graduated from the school in 1953. The school has numerous alumni from nearby Porter-Leath from its days as an orphanage and current foster care facility.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the school opened as a charter school run by Gestalt Community Schools. In 2017 it was announced that control of the school would be transferred to Frayser Community schools when Gestalt would exit after experiencing declining enrollment and funding.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Bill Black</p><br>
<p>John Bramlett</p><br>
<p>Jack Cristil</p><br>
<p>George Klein</p><br>
<p>Elvis Presley</p><br>
<p>Red West</p><br>
<p>The Mudbaden Sulphur Springs Company is a former destination spa in Sand Creek Township, Minnesota, United States. It operated from the 1890s to 1952, and its 1915 building is the best preserved of three spa resorts that operated in the area. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its significance in the themes of entertainment/recreation and health/medicine. It was nominated for being a well-preserved example of an early-20th-century health resort.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mudbaden Sulphur Springs Company building is located in a rural part of the Minnesota River valley 2 mi northeast of Jordan, Minnesota. Railroad tracks run directly in front of the building and the river is a mile to the northwest. The facility is a large, two-story building of brick with a central section flanked by long, narrow wings. The layout is a common one for early-20th-century institutional buildings. Outside it displays Neoclassical features such as a pediment, wide arches, white wood trim along the cornice, and decorative quoining in polychrome brickwork. Inside it contained a massive lobby with two fireplaces and oak woodwork, a large dining room, a state-of-the-art kitchen, a 70 by recreation hall, four steam-heated sun porches, and two open verandas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ole Rosendahl claimed an 80 acre homestead here in the 1890s despite it being swampy, marginal farmland filled with smelly mud from sulfur-rich springs along the Minnesota River. According to Rosendahl, a peddler crossing the land got stuck in the mud one day. Familiar with the successful commercialization of sulfur springs in his native Germany, the peddler congratulated the struggling farmer on his good fortune. Rosendahl began offering mud baths in his home. Sulfur was then believed to treat arthritis, skin conditions, allergies, infections, and other ailments. Scientific advancements were making anything seem possible, and patent medicines were big business. Rosendahl Sulphur Springs thrived despite competition from Jordan Sulphur Springs a mile away and Mudcura across the Minnesota River in Carver County. Rosendahl moved his spa operations into a large, two-story house he had transported onto the property. In 1908 Ole Rosendahl turned the burgeoning spa over to his more business-minded son O.J., who in turn brought on board Dr. T.M. Larsen, a charismatic Danish chiropractor with a talent for promotion.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 O.J. Rosendahl and Dr. Larsen initiated construction of what is now the oldest surviving section of the building. The 124 by facility had space for up to 70 patients at a time, with hot and cold running water and steam heat in each room. To advertise it they mailed a promotional pamphlet to every practicing doctor in Minnesota and many in neighboring states. The following year they officially bought the land and facilities from O.J.&#39;s father for $30,000, changing the name to Mudbaden Sulphur Springs. They marketed Mudbaden as a luxury resort as much as a medical facility, with banquets and dances in addition to mud baths. In 1912 the rail line running past the property added a train station with daily service for spa visitors. Larsen bought out O.J. Rosendahl in 1913, then sold most of his interest to a new ownership group the next year. Mudbaden continued to prosper, adding electric lighting and summer cottages. In 1915 the main building was expanded by 242 ft—increasing capacity to 200 patients—and daily bus service running from Minneapolis to Jordan began.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the years, the mud was harvested in the same way—dug up with a hand-operated crane and transported into the spa building in a rail cart. There a gas-powered mixer helped remove vegetation and rocks. The mud was then heated and poured 3 to 6 in deep onto steel tables in the sex-segregated mud rooms. Patients lay on these and attendants covered everything but their faces with additional mud. Afterwards patients cleaned off in a tub, drank sulfur-infused water, and moved to a cooling room for a massage. Mud baths were only given in the morning. The afternoons and evenings were for relaxation and entertainment.</p><br>
<p>The Mudbaden Sulfur Springs Company continued to grow through the 1920s. In 1924 it boasted four doctors, four nurses, three masseurs, a lab technician, and 42 hospitality workers and mud harvesters. The spa also had facilities for x-rays and surgeries.</p><br>
<p>Patronage declined during the Great Depression and World War II. A new owner acquired the business in 1948, but mud treatments had fallen out of fashion and Mudbaden Sulphur Springs closed on July 1, 1952. The facility became a Roman Catholic seminary affiliated the University of Notre Dame. In 1969 it became Lynnhurst, a residential treatment center for alcohol and drug use disorders. Scott County purchased the building in 1985, initially as a minimum-security jail, but soon converted it to a regional training facility for law enforcement, firefighting, and other public services.</p><br>
<p>The New Market Hotel and Store is a historic commercial building in Elko New Market, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1897 to house a general store at ground level and a small hotel on the second floor. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for being a well-preserved example of the late-19th-century commercial buildings constructed along the main streets of towns in Scott County, Minnesota, and the only surviving example from New Market.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The New Market Hotel and Store stands on the north side of New Market&#39;s small business district. It has a footprint of about 26 ft by 70 ft and rises two stories. It is constructed of red brick, with yellow brick pilasters and detailing. At ground level the main façade has a three-bay storefront on the right and a narrow bay on the left with a single door opening onto a staircase to the second floor. The second story has four double-hung two-over-two windows with stone window sills and lightly arched brick lintels. The top of the main façade has a cornice highly ornamented with contrasting red and yellow brick relief and a semicircular projection at center.</p><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Church of the Purification is a historic Roman Catholic church complex in Marystown, Minnesota, United States. The oldest surviving buildings consist of a Romanesque Revival church constructed 1882–1883 and a rectory built in 1910. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its significance in the themes of architecture, exploration/settlement, and religion. It was nominated for representating the Roman Catholic church properties around which many German American settlements grew in rural Scott County, Minnesota. At the time of its National Register nomination, the complex also included an 1893 school and 1921 convent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Mary&#39;s Parish was established in 1855 by about 30 families led by Benedictine Father George Keller. It was the first parish founded in Scott County. Their first church building was still under construction when it was lost in a fire. The parishioners started over and soon had a half-log, half-frame church and a log cabin for the priest. A school was first established in 1864, initially taught by saloonkeeper John Theis in his place of business. The parish began expanding the church in 1882, but a weakened wall collapsed and the current stone church was instead built from the ground up. Its spire was completed the following year, for a total building cost of $8,246.62. 1882 also saw the construction of a small house for attending monks.</p><br>
<p>The wood-frame school just south of the church was torn down in 1893 and replaced with a two-story brick building. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis took charge of the parish in 1909. The two-story brick rectory was built north of the church in 1910. On February 28, 1917, the church was gutted by a fire, leaving only the stone walls. A new interior was completed by years end. The School Sisters of Notre Dame, who had been replaced by lay teachers in 1901, returned to run St. Marys School in 1921. A two-story frame convent was built for them southwest of the other buildings. The church&#39;s stained glass windows were donated in 1928. The school was remodeled in 1936.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the parish voted to tear down the old school and build a new Parish Center, which was dedicated the following year. The 1882 monks&#39; residence has been moved to The Landing, an open-air museum in nearby Shakopee.</p><br>
<p>The Shakopee Historic District is a historic district in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States. Stretching along the south bank of the Minnesota River, it encompasses pre-contact Native American habitation and burial sites, a contact-era Dakota village, early Euro-American buildings, and a ferry landing. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 for its significance in the themes of prehistoric archaeology, aboriginal historical archaeology, non-aboriginal historical archaeology, and architecture.</p><br>
<p>The western end of the district has been developed into Shakopee&#39;s Memorial Park, while the eastern side is The Landing, a living history village operated by Three Rivers Park District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Native Americans were using the site as far back as 300 BCE. Over the centuries they constructed numerous mounds. By the late 17th century, the occupants can be identified as members of the Santee band of Eastern Dakota. By at least 1800, the village was led by a series of successive chiefs named Shakopee. This village of bark lodges and cornfields is well represented in the writings of early Euro-American explorers and settlers, such as Stephen Harriman Long, who passed through in 1823. Beginning in 1839 a Native American trained in European agricultural methods was sent to the village. In 1844 Oliver Faribault, the biracial son of trader Jean-Baptiste Faribault, moved to the area and built the first European-style house in what would become Scott County. In 1858 a warband of Ojibwe attacked the village in what became known as the Battle of Shakopee. Samuel Pond&#39;s two sons built a gristmill in 1875 that remains extant.</p><br>
<p>The area began to be developed as an open-air museum in 1969. Oliver Faribault&#39;s cabin was moved onto the property, as were four buildings from the farm of an early German immigrant family, the Bergers. Numerous historical buildings and some replicas have been added since.</p><br>
<p>The Jordan Historic District is a historic business district in Jordan, Minnesota, United States. It consists of 14 contributing properties mostly built between 1865 and 1880. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for being the best-preserved 19th-century business district in Scott County, Minnesota, and the commercial core of an important city in the county&#39;s early history.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jordan Historic District comprises 16 buildings—12 named as pivotal to the district in its National Register nomination, two contributing, and two intrusive due to their later date. The buildings are situated at all four corners of the intersection of Broadway and Water Street, and along both sides of Water Street for most of a block to the west. Many are constructed of local brick which is of a light buff color. Proportions are modest, decoration simple, and few codified architectural styles are present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Between 1865 and 1880 two railroads were built through Jordan, boosting an economy already served by good transportation access on the Minnesota River. Jordan seemed poised to challenge Shakopee for county seat status, but growth leveled off before the end of the century. The downtown buildings constructed during those peak years remained sufficient for the needs of the community, and there was little pressure to replace them or fill the vacant spaces around them. Thus the district looks much as it did at the turn of the 20th century. District buildings originally housed a bakery, a hardware store, a harness shop, a millinery, a pharmacy, a post office, and an opera house.</p><br>
<p>Daniel Coit Gilman Summer House, also known as Over Edge, is a historic house on Huntington Lane, a private road off Huntington Road in Northeast Harbor, Maine. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 for its association with Daniel Coit Gilman , the president of Johns Hopkins University and a leading advocate of graduate education in the United States. The house is still used as a private summer residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gilman House is set on a high bluff, overlooking the town of Northeast Harbor&#39;s harbor area to the east, with views extending south toward Bear and Sutton Islands. It is a three-story wood-frame structure, clad in wooden shingles, with a side gable roof large enough to house the full third floor. The house is oriented to the waterfront, with an open veranda across the eastern facade, and porches on the north side of the first and second floors. The living room, which takes up the southern part of the house, has a projecting bay window. The house is little-altered since it was built in 1880s, the principal alteration being the removal of some partitions to enlarge the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for Daniel Coit Gilman, and was his summer residence until his death in 1908. Gilman was a native of Norwich, Connecticut, who graduated from Yale College in 1848. He helped to organize Yales Sheffield Scientific School in 1855, and became the schools librarian and secretary, as well as teaching geography as a professor. He became president of the recently founded University of California at Berkeley in 1872, but left that school over disagreements on curriculum. He was appointed president of the newly founded Johns Hopkins University in 1875, where he was able to implement ideas about high level competence in subject material by its professors, a high-quality student body, and the importance of academic freedom and research in the university setting. The success of these ideas was demonstrated by their wide adoption by other academic institutions, and by the presence of Johns Hopkins graduates in the professorial ranks of more than 60 schools by 1892.</p><br>
<p>The Soul Harvest Ministries is located at 16300 Woodward Avenue in Highland Park, Michigan. It was built in 1916 as the First United Methodist Church and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1868, a frame chapel for interdenominational services was built behind where the First United Methodist Church currently stands. Membership in this church declined in the 1880s, and the structure became an Episcopal chapel in 1885. In 1892, the chapel was sold to the Methodists for $1 (and assumption of the church debt).</p><br>
<p>The Methodist congregation received financial support from Michigan Senator Thomas Palmer and a retired Great Lakes sea captain, Thomas Stevens. This support allowed then to construct the present Gothic structure, which was built from 1916 to 1917. In 1956, the original frame chapel behind the present church was demolished, and a contemporary educational building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Soul Harvest Ministries has occupied the building since 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church is an Arts and Crafts influenced, Gothic-style structure, constructed from red brick and trimmed with limestone. The Woodward Avenue elevation is a three-story gabled facade with banks of leaded windows, unified by projecting brick piers with limestone detailing. A square, flat-roofed tower with a louvered belfry graces the corner of the building. The main entrance, on the Church Street elevation, is sheltered by a broad arch in the base of the tower. The Church Street elevation also has two bays containing Gothic arched windows with gabled dormers. Ornamental brickwork is placed throughout the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is a modified Akron Plan, with a two-story central nave with sloping floors containing theatre seating. Perimeter spaces contain classrooms and overflow seating. The sanctuary is sightly raised and paneled in dark oak with a pitched beamed ceiling. It contains a carved wood altar, lecturn, and organ. The interior contains tiled floors, Arts and Crafts style oak woodwork, and tapestry brick wainscoting inset with Pewabic tiles throughout.</p><br>
<p>The Silas Williams House, also known as the Edward Baker House, is a historic Queen Anne house in the city of Streator, Illinois. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Silas Williams House was built by its first owner, Silas Williams, around 1893. Williams, originally from Ottawa, Illinois, was a paper mill owner who also owned many properties throughout Streator. He constructed many homes around the city.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Williams House is a two-story frame building with a full basement and an attic. It is cast in the Queen Anne style of architecture. It contains many projecting and receding forms, common of Queen Anne houses. Some of those include its multiple gables, and its polygonal and round and towers. The interior is largely open on the first floor and much of the interior details and woodwork remain intact.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Williams House has two main areas of importance, architecture and local history. As one of the last "great" 19th-century houses in Streator, it stands as a symbol to its builder and his accomplishments in early Streator. The house is also important architecturally. Its open floor plan carries the Queen Anne style further than any other house in the state of Illinois. The Silas Williams House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1976, with NRHP reference #76002146.</p><br>
<p>The Bray Place in Louisville, Kentucky refers to the early farmstead and home built in 1796 by Major Samuel E. Bray and his wife, Nancy Lyle Bray from Virginia. The 210 acre was granted by Thomas Jefferson  to Bray as payment for serving in the Revolutionary War and surveying what was then Virginia. It was bordered by what is now Bardstown Road, Goldsmith Lane and Hikes Lane. The original neighbors were Edward Hikes, Andrew Hikes, and John & Lucy Speed who were parents of Joshua & James Speed. Abraham Lincoln visited the area in August, 1841 for 3 weeks after breaking his engagement with Mary Todd due to her parents’ disapproval of the match. The visit to Farmington and the neighboring Bray family restored his happiness and was known to be one of the happiest times of his life.</p><br>
<p>The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Building details</h2><br>
<p>The two-story home is of the same architectural style (Federal) as nearby Farmington Historic Home which was built a few years later in 1815 (and has the same setback from Bardstown Road).</p><br>
<p>The house and land have seen several changes over their lifetime. A front addition to reorient the house to face Bardstown Road was created in 1820. A front porch was added in 1890. A back porch conversion from a laundry room and servant&#39;s quarters into a structure to house the latest invention (an automobile) was made in 1914. The sun-room built off the original south-facing front door was added in 1920. Parts of the property were parceled off and sold due to pressure for suburban growth after World War II. Seneca High School and Goldsmith Elementary School were built on parcels from the farm in the 1950s. More land was sold off due to demand from the ever-growing suburbs and it was eventually reduced to roughly 2 and a half acres to create a remnant green space in its suburban context. A rain garden, extensive landscaping, along with structural improvements and cosmetic enhancements were made in 2007–2008.</p><br>
<p>Since Samuel Bray the house has also seen several changes in ownership: Milton Smith (President of L&N RR)and his wife Anna in 1885; George Scoggan (1888) who turned it into a horse farm which produced several Ky Derby contestants and a Derby winner ("Lookout" in 1893); the MODYS family (1977) who had connections to Farmington & placed the home on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980; the Sanders family (1996) who helped it become a Bellarmine Showcase Home; and Cynthia Cooke (2007) who made many improvements to the land and house and turned it into Bashford Manor Bed and Breakfast (www.bashfordmanor.com).</p><br>
<p>It is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This home is one of the oldest surviving residences within the Louisville City limits. The structure consists of 3 sections of various construction dates which combine to create a very unusual and aesthetic architectural work. It is a significant element of the community both architecturally and historically.</p><br>
<p>The original Bray dwelling was a two-story, 3 bay brick Federal structure with an asymmetric façade built c1796. The staircase in this section leads to the attic. The front door faced Beargrass Creek to the south, now leading into a 1920 sun-room addition. The main block of the house oriented to face Bardstown Road is a Federal I type structure. The construction date of this section is 1820, funded by the original Samuel Bray family. It is typical of the Federal farmhouse, with a five bay, symmetrical façade and a hall-parlor plan. The one story front porch was added c1890 by the George Scoggan family, who transformed the farm in 1888 to a horse farm/stable and thoroughbred training facility. The Victorian-style addition of c1890 is the back 1-story 3 room addition, connected on the east wall of the original structure. All parts of the house contain most of their original features, included presses that flank the fireplaces in the original section of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Bray died c1845. He was a merchant and land investor, farmer and legislator, serving in 1820 on the Kentucky State Legislature.</p><br>
<p>The property went to his unmarried daughter, Nancy Chenoweth Bray, who held the farm until her death in the last months of the Civil War, February, 1865. The Farm was requisitioned as a Union encampment part of that time. Photos of civil war carvings on a huge old tree found on the property are featured in Mary Garry and Irma Raque&#39;s upcoming area history book.</p><br>
<p>Nancy Bray&#39;s sister, Evalina Bray, married Dr. Samuel Shipp, and inherited the property in 1865, to raise their family here until selling it to neighbor Milton Smith, President of the L&N Railroad, and wife, Annette in 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, the Smiths sold the farm to George Scoggan in whose family it remained until 1977. George produced many Derby contenders including the famous first winner of the Futurity in 1888, Proctor Knott, the 2:1 Derby favorite of 1889... "the best bred horse in America".</p><br>
<p>A visit by Jesse James brother, Frank James, on Derby Eve 1889 to this home altered the race outcome to his advantage. Records indicate his influence on the jockey to throw the race in favor of 10:1 odds horse, Spokane. James bet $5000 to win on Spokane. The track also bet this method, while the populace bet on Proctor Knott. It was the largest attendance to date and the fastest track to date. Proctor Knott was false started twice to race an eighth mile down the track and back, then after the race began, was run against the outside rail when Spokane ran the inside rail to win by only a nose.</p><br>
<p>George Scoggan&#39;s daughter, Mary, married Alonzo Jones in 1893, a year before George died, and the couple raised five children at the house.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>Several neighboring historic homes were razed after World War II for commercial and residential development, particularly in the 1970s. Betty and Robert Modys bought it in 1977 and placed it on the National Register of Historic Places in August, 1980 (Betty was the Director of Farmington, historic home of the Speed Family, north-west neighbors of the Bray Family). The home was thus saved from post war developers who could have placed 14 homes around it. This property is the last of the area&#39;s horse farm manor houses and is protected and sustainable now as a fashionable Bed & Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Modys Family sold to the Sanders in 1996, who opened the home as the Bellarmine University Women&#39;s Council Show House that year. They recently sold the home (November 2007) to educator and preservationist, Cynthia Cooke.</p><br>
<p>The Bray Family history research is still underway. Letters written extensively in the 1830s are on file in the Filson Club and more information is sought, especially location of the horse and family grave yards, the surveys discovered in the attic and family photos and stories.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Faneuil School is an historic school building at 60 Joy Street on Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. It is a four-story brick Tudor Revival building with limestone trim, built in 1910 to designs by the Boston architect James T. Kelley and his associate, Harold S. Graves. It is named for Peter Faneuil, the benefactor who gave Faneuil Hall to the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The erection of the Peter Faneuil School represented an early form of urban renewal, as the area it occupies was cleared of wooden tenement housing for its construction. During most of the twentieth century school served as an elementary school for Beacon Hill and West End residents. It was the last school which serviced the Old West End neighborhood to close.</p><br>
<h3>The LAB School</h3><br>
<p>In 1975, the Educational Collaborative of Greater Boston (EDCO) opened The LAB (Learning about Boston) School, as a voluntary desegregation secondary school project. Seventy-five high-school students from 22 different school districts chose to attend the program which was based on a handful of majors chosen by the students, Students could opt for Dramatic Arts, Communications, Marine Biology, Environmental Studies. Adventure and History, in addition to taking elective and required courses in traditional and not so traditional subjects. At the start of each semester, students and staff spent several days at Boston University&#39;s Sargent Camp Outdoor Adventure Program to get to know one another and to participate in trust-building activities. Outdoor adventure at LAB School included a notable rappel by the students down the front of the Peter Faneuil School building.</p><br>
<p>During its year and a half of existence, the students and staff published several volumes of an original, creative writing and art magazine, LAByrinths. The LAB School continued for another year as a full-time program, succeeding in creating genuine integration among students and staff. Attendance, even for the less-likely-to-succeed students was high, and reading scores soared. At its height of success, LAB School served 150 students. As state and federal funding for desegregation projects waned, LAB School ended. Several of the staff, including Bernice Lockhart, director, remained at the location, and transitioned into another, part-time EDCO project, called Metropathways.</p><br>
<h3>Later uses</h3><br>
<p>Between 1976 and 1989 the Peter Faneuil School changed use and housed a small college preparatory program sponsored by the University of Massachusetts named Another Course to College, or ACC. ACC, a back to basics advanced program, was created as a safety net for academically strong and/or gifted students of the Boston public schools. Acceptance was based on GPA, IQ based entrance exam, and/or teacher recommendation.</p><br>
<h3>Closing and reconversion</h3><br>
<p>After the ACC/UMASS program was cut, the Peter Faneuil School closed. In 1994, the building was converted into apartments and expanded with a new brick façade along the Joy Street sidewalk, which turned its parking-lot forecourt into a central courtyard. Today it houses 20 affordable apartments for low-income people afflicted with the HIV/AIDS virus.</p><br>
<h2>Historical recognition</h2><br>
<p>The Peter Faneuil School building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994,</p><br>
<p>William Hickling Prescott House, also known as the Headquarters House, is an historic house museum located at 55 Beacon Street on Beacon Hill in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the left-hand portion of a double townhouse at 54–55 Beacon Street, seen in the photograph. The townhouse, built in 1808 to a design by Asher Benjamin, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 for its association with William Hickling Prescott , one of the nation&#39;s first historians. The house is now a museum operated by the Massachusetts chapter of the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, which purchased it for its headquarters in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1808, the twin houses were designed by architect Asher Benjamin. Still nearly mirror images of one another, they are four stories in height and three bays wide. The outer two bays of each unit are part of a rounded bay front, delineated by pilasters rising from the top of the first story porch to the roof. The porch is supported by a Doric colonnade, and follows the line of the rounded bays. The doorways are in the innermost bays, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The left side, 55 Beacon Street is named for William Hickling Prescott, a nearly blind historian from a prominent Boston family, The Dames restored Prescott&#39;s study to its original state in 1968, based on historical documents.</p><br>
<p>The houses original owner was James Smith Colburn, a successful Boston merchant. He commissioned Asher Benjamin to build the double town houses on land he purchased from the Mount Vernon Proprietors. Originally, the structures were free-standing and would have had a water view (before the filling of the area that is now the Boston Public Garden). They were the height of fashion in the Early Republic. Prescott purchased his house in 1845 and after his death, his wife sold it to cousins, the Dexters. They made significant changes to the house: updating the stairwell, adding an elevator and reconfiguring Prescotts library into a dining room.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1964, and was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1966, for its association with Prescott, who gained a reputation for his books on Spanish (and Spanish colonial) history. His 1837 History of the Conquest of Mexico received great acclaim both in the United States and in Europe. Due to his blindness (caused by an incident during a bar brawl), he employed researchers and secretaries to acquire documents and prepare his manuscripts.</p><br>
<p>One of the two units (possibly both) is memorialized as a Victorian dollhouse at the Cayuga Art Museum in Auburn, New York.</p><br>
<p>Filene&#39;s Department Store was a department store building at 426 Washington Street in Downtown Crossing, Boston, Massachusetts. It was the flagship store of the department store chain. The building has been renovated and now serves as the offices for Havas and Arnold Worldwide. The building is maintained as part of the Millennium Tower. It is now home to fast fashion retailer, Primark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development and use</h3><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1912 as a new flagship location for William Filene and Sons department store, better known as. By 1929 Filenes expanded the flagship building, converting the whole block around Washington, Summer, Hawley and Franklin streets into one department store. This was the last major project by legendary Chicago architect Daniel Burnham and his only work in Boston. This building was widely regarded as one of the best examples of Beaux Arts architecture in Boston.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the Filenes Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2006, Filenes stores were merged with Macys phasing out the Filenes name. In a normal store merger, the old stores are converted into the new stores. But this was a problem in Boston, because the Filenes building was located across the street from another Macys store. When Filenes did close, the Boston Landmarks Commission unanimously voted to protect two of the historic buildings that housed Filenes in Boston. The two oldest buildings were protected including the main 1912 Filenes store building and a 1905 former glassware and china sellers building on the opposite corner. Two newer buildings, built in 1951 and 1973, were not protected, and were demolished in 2008.</p><br>
<h3>Sale and refurbishment</h3><br>
<p>After the store closed, the building was marketed and was eventually bought by Vornado Realty Trust of New York. Vornado teamed up with Gale International for a $700 million redevelopment of the Filenes site. The project contained a 39-story tower including a 280-room hotel, 125-seat restaurant, 475,000 ft&sup2; of office space, 166 residential condos, 300,000 ft&sup2; of retail space, and an adjacent park. Although the Filenes Building is protected by the Landmarks Commission, it only protected the facade of the buildings. This allowed the developers of the site to rip out the building&#39;s interior, leaving the exterior to stand on its own. However, when the project ran out of money, the site was left completely gutted and missing walls from the razed 1951 and 1973 additions. The city of Boston eventually revoked the permit on the project.</p><br>
<p>The site was taken over by another developer, Millennium Partners of New York. Plans include 135,000 ft&sup2; of retail on the lower floors and nearly 200,000 ft&sup2; office space on the upper floors, including a restoration of many original architectural details. The project also includes a glass tower next door, which will contain 450 luxury residences and another 95,000 ft&sup2; of retail space.</p><br>
<p>Irish clothing company Primark opened its first USA store September 10, 2015, on the first four floors of the restored Burnham Building; Roche Bros. supermarket occupies the basement, with an additional grab-and-go shop at street level on Summer Street. Havas and Arnold Worldwide occupy floors 5-8.</p><br>
<p>Newspaper Row is now a historic district at 322-328 Washington Street, 5-23 Milk Street, and 11 Hawley Street in Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In its heyday, from the late 1800s to the early 1940s, the area was home to many of Bostons newspapers. As Boston Globe historian Thomas F. Mulvoy Jr. explains, "In the pre-radio era, newspapers along the Row, which began at Milk Street and wound its way down to the Old State House about 200 yards away, spread the news not only in their broadsheet pages but also on blackboards and bulletin boards outside their offices that would lure large crowds anxious to get the very latest telegraphic news flashes on big events like elections, John L. Sullivans latest fight, and the World Series."</p><br>
<p>In its first incarnation, Newspaper Row was located between State and Water Streets, in the financial district. But gradually, as the city expanded and more department stores and other businesses opened in the vicinity of Washington Street, the major newspapers moved closer to the center of commerce. By the early 1900s, according to the Boston City Directory, the Boston Globe was at 244 Washington Street, the Boston Evening Transcript was at 324 Washington (at Milk Street), the Boston Post was at 261 Washington Street, the Boston Journal was at 264 Washington Street, the Boston American was at 80-82 Summer Street, and the Associated Press was at 293 Washington Street. Other Boston news services, including the Boston Herald and Boston Traveler, were not far from Newspaper Row. It was a noisy, crowded, narrow part of downtown Boston, but those who worked there did not seem to mind. As Herbert Kenny, a long-time Boston Globe reporter, wrote, "Newspaper Row... was unique. Mingling at Thompson&#39;s Spa were politicians from the State House and City Hall, judges and lawyers from the courthouse, and Yankees from the financial district, along with cops, bookies, bootleggers and reporters, all swapping ideas, compliments, insults and inside information..."</p><br>
<p>Newspaper Row became a gathering place for the public too, especially during major events like presidential elections, the World Series or the Harvard-Yale football game. Thousands would pack the narrow streets to hear the latest reports. Newspapers would receive bulletins by telegraph and then a staff-member either posted them on a blackboard, or announced the news to the crowd, by means of a megaphone. There was intense competition between the newspapers to see who could get the headlines first.</p><br>
<p>Newspaper Row was also utilized for promotions, publicity stunts, and advocacy; large numbers of people stopped by to read the headlines or listen to updates, and proponents of various causes would try to get their attention. A good example occurred in 1909, when supporters of giving women the vote sold copies of their pro-suffrage newspaper and engaged people in conversation about suffrage. Another example occurred in 1914, when the Boston Post raised enough funds to purchase three new elephants for the Franklin Park Zoo; the newspaper then held a parade on Newspaper Row and thousands of school children got the chance to meet the elephants.</p><br>
<p>As the years passed, people became able to receive news and bulletins from radio, and no longer needed to wait on Washington Street for the latest headlines. Gradually, the crowds on Newspaper Row diminished. Newspapers either closed down or moved to larger quarters. The last newspaper to abandon Newspaper Row was the Boston Globe, in May 1958</p><br>
<p>Newspaper Row was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. And in 2003, the Bostonian Society placed a historical marker at the former home of the Boston Globe, 244 Washington Street.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Suffolk County Courthouse, now formally the John Adams Courthouse, is a historic courthouse building in Pemberton Square in Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court  and the Massachusetts Appeals Court. Built in 1893, it was the major work of Bostons first city architect, George Clough, and is one of the city&#39;s few surviving late 19th-century monumental civic buildings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The John Adams Courthouse is located on the west side of Pemberton Square, now little more than an open plaza bounded by the courthouse on the west, and the backside of the curved Center Plaza building, which faces Tremont Street opposite the Boston City Hall plaza. The courthouse is a six-story granite structure, fifteen bays wide, with an eclectic stylistic composition. Its first 1-1/2 floor function by appearance as an elevated basement, with small arched windows close to the ground, above which are larger rectangular windows divided in the upper third by a stone stringcourse. Above this basement level is an arcaded mezzanine of large round-arch openings in which paired sash windows are topped by a half-round transom. A dentillated cornice separates this level from a narrower band of three-part windows, above which is a two-level mansard roof pierced by a variety of dormers. There are projecting pavilions at the ends of the main facade, rising to the top of the mezzanine level on the sides, and the full roof height on the front.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1893 to a design by Boston city architect George Clough. Stylistically the building was described at the time as "German Renaissance&quot it is now viewed as transitional between the monumental Second Empire style of Boston&#39;s Old City Hall and the Classical Revival. Of the many buildings Clough designed for the city, this is his largest and most elaborate design. Clough also designed the 1909 enlargement of the structure, which added the French Chateau-style roof.</p><br>
<p>From 1893 to 1938, the Supreme Judicial Court and the Social Law Library occupied the building, known then as the Suffolk County Courthouse. In 2002, the Supreme Judicial Court, the Massachusetts Appeals Court, and the Social Law Library returned to the restored building, which was renamed the John Adams Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Lime Kilns of Lincoln, Rhode Island, are the remnants of three colonial-era lime kilns, all that is left of one of the oldest lime processing operations in North America. They are located respectively off Louisquisset Pike, Sherman and Dexter Rock Roads in an area that has been known for its lime processing since the 17th century. When originally built, they were roughly cylindrical structures fashioned out of unmortared rubble stone. The first kiln, whose ruins are located near the Flanagan campus of the Community College of Rhode Island west of Louisquisset Pike , was the largest of the three, nearly 20 ft in diameter. The second kiln remains are located to the south of Sherman Avenue, near its junction with Louisquisset Pike . In 1984 the standing walls were 8 ft high, with three recognizable openings. The third kiln, of which only a partial wall remains standing, is located on the south side of Dexter Rock Road .</p><br>
<p>The kilns were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>St. Matthew&#39;s Church, currently known as the Holy Spirit Parish, is an historic Roman Catholic church at 1030 Dexter Street in Central Falls, Rhode Island located within the Diocese of Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone church was designed by Walter F. Fontaine and completed in 1929. Its design was based on French Gothic styling. It is built of Weymouth granite, with limestone trim. The interior is richly decorated, and features artwork by Guido Nincheri and stained glass windows by Mommejean de Paris. The church was built to serve the growing French-Canadian population of Central Falls.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The USA Customshouse is a historic custom house at 24 Weybosset Street in Providence, Rhode Island at the northeast corner at Weybosset and Custom House streets. The customhouse was built between 1855 and 1857 to a design by Ammi B. Young and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 1992, the building was purchased by the State of Rhode Island and converted to office space for the State Courts System. The building was opened by the state of Rhode Island as the John E. Fogarty Judicial Complex after an extensive $550,000 renovation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1857 at a total cost of construction of $209,723.32. It was constructed of granite from quarries in Quincy, Massachusetts. It is a three-story building, topped by a hip roof and metal dome, with quoined corners and cornices between the levels. It is three bays wide and seven deep, with the central three bays on each side projecting slightly, with further quoining to emphasize the projection.</p><br>
<p>After completion it housed the city&#39;s main post office, Federal District Court, District Attorney, Internal Revenue Service, Collector of Customs, and Steamboat Inspector. The building housed these federal offices until November 1909, when a new and larger Federal Building was erected on Exchange Place (now Kennedy Plaza) nearby. Thereafter, the structure remained vacant until 1921 when the USA Customs office and other federal agencies needing additional space returned. The Federal Government occupied the building for the next seventy years. After the Federal Government vacated the structure in 1989, it was considered by a variety of businesses for occupation, including a restaurant, a facility for homeless persons, and offices. The building was bought by the State of Rhode Island and converted to office space for the State Courts System. After extensive renovation at a cost of $550,000, the building was opened by the state in 1992 as the John E. Fogarty Judicial Complex.</p><br>
<p>The Customshouse is the centerpiece of the Customhouse Historic District, which includes eight commercial buildings historically associated with the growth of the city as a business center in the mid-to-late 19th century. That historic district is a portion of the larger Downtown Providence Historic District, listed in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Hall is a historic American Craftsman-era stone building in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California. Built in 1913, Bolton Hall was originally used as a community center for the utopian community of Los Terrenitos. From 1920 until 1957, it was used as an American Legion hall, the San Fernando Valley&#39;s second public library, Tujunga City Hall, and a jail. In 1957, the building was closed. For more than 20 years, Bolton Hall remained vacant and was the subject of debates over demolition and restoration. Since 1980, the building has been operated by the Little Landers Historical Society as a local history museum.</p><br>
<h2>Los Terrenitos</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the area now known as Tujunga was undeveloped land, the former Rancho Tujunga. In 1913, William Ellsworth Smythe, working alongside M.V. Hartranft (they had purchased the land together), formed a utopian community called Los Terrenitos — Spanish for The Little Lands. Smythe was the leader of the Utopian Little Landers movement and had already established colonies in Idaho and San Ysidro, California. He advocated the principle that families settling on an acre or two of land could support themselves and create a flourishing community.</p><br>
<p>Town lots in Tujunga were sold to settlers at $800 for an acre of land and a life of independence.</p><br>
<p>Bolton Hall was built in 1913 by George Harris, a self-described "nature builder", rock mason, and stone sculptor. Harris urged that the 3,000 ft&sup2; hall be built solely of native materials and selected a design that he said borrowed nothing from European architecture.</p><br>
<p>The spacious main room has shiny hardwood floors and a massive rock fireplace in the center. The fireplace is spanned by a 14 ft mantel fashioned from a single eucalyptus tree. Beneath the mantel, Harris inscribed the words "To the Spiritual Life of Soil". The structure was built at a cost of $6,480.</p><br>
<p>When Bolton Hall opened in August 1913, the Los Angeles Times reported that it marked the "awakening of the Vale of Monte Vista" (the former name of Sunland):</p><br>
<p>First settled nearly thirty years ago, the valley has shown more life in the past six months than in all its previous history. Los Terrenitos, the settlement of "&#39;little-landers," has made wonderful progress since its inception, five months ago, about 200 families having purchased land, not all of whom are yet on the ground. But enough are here to make it a beehive of industry. The dedication of "Bolton Hall" last Saturday aroused much enthusiasm among the "little-landers."</p><br>
<p>The Times also reported that Bolton Hall was "built to stand for ages", and it has survived the 1971 Sylmar and 1994 Northridge earthquakes without a scratch.</p><br>
<p>During the hall&#39;s early years, it hosted community meetings patterned after those held in old New England town halls. Over the next decade, it was used for church services, musical performances, lectures, motion picture shows, the Women&#39;s Club, dances, and pot-luck suppers. It also was the site of the San Fernando Valley&#39;s second public library.</p><br>
<h2>City Hall</h2><br>
<p>After World War I, the hall was used as an American Legion hall for several years.</p><br>
<h2>Vacancy and preservation efforts</h2><br>
<p>With its closure in 1957, Bolton Hall was put up for sale. Bolton Hall&#39;s future remained uncertain, and the property vacant, for more than twenty years as the "Save Bolton Hall" movement continued to have difficulty raising funds.</p><br>
<h2>Historical museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, an agreement was reached to have the City of Los Angeles renovate the building&#39;s exterior with the Little Landers Historical Society committing to renovate the interior for operation as a historical museum. At the time, the building had been kept "tightly sealed" since 1957.</p><br>
<p>In late 1979, Los Angeles City Councilman Bob Ronka secured $169,000 in federal funds to augment $23,800 raised by the Little Landers Historical Society. With nearly $200,000 in public and private funds, the building was finally restored after it had sat vacant for more than 20 years.</p><br>
<p>The Bolton Hall Historical Museum opened in 1980. The artifacts displayed at the museum include the gavel used by the presiding officer during early town meetings, building tools used in the construction of Bolton Hall, old photographs, and the old clock from the first Tujunga Post Office. The museum also has a congratulatory letter from Bolton Hall, the New York lawyer and writer for whom the building was named. Near the front entrance of the museum, there is a tobacco-stained stone that juts out from the wall; it was used by early colonists to clean out their pipes when the building was used as a church.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open to the public every Sunday and Tuesday from 1:00 to 4:00 p.m. Admission is free.</p><br>
<p>The Walrus Islands  are a group of craggy coastal islands in the Bering Sea, close to the northern shores of Bristol Bay, Alaska at the entrance to Togiak Bay. They are located 18 km to the east of Hagemeister Island, and are protected as the Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary by the state. A part of the island group is also of archaeological importance, with numerous deeply stratified sites covering 6,000 years of human use. For this reason, Crooked Island, Summit Island and Round Island were designated the Walrus Islands Archeological District, a National Historic Landmark District comprising 14 historical sites, in December 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Walrus Islands were designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Walrus Islands consist of a small group of islands and rocky islets extending to the southeast. The main islands are: Summit Island (close to the coast), High Island, Crooked Island, Black Rock Island and Round Island, not to be confused with Round Island (Aleutian Islands). The longest island is Crooked Island with a length of 10 km from north to south. The highest point is 69 m. Administratively these islands belong to the Dillingham Census Area, Alaska.</p><br>
<p>This island group was first explored by Captain James Cook in 1785. The Russian name "Morzh", meaning "walrus", was first used by Lt. Sarichev (1826, map 3), IRN (Imperial Russian Navy). Captain Tebenkov applied the name "Ostrova Morzhovyye" ("Walrus Islands") to the whole group of islands east of Hagemeister Island (1852, map 4), IRN. Captain Tebenkov also identified Walrus Island with the "Ound Island" of Capt. Cook (1785, v. 28 p. 431), RN.</p><br>
<p>The Walrus Islands earned their name because of the immense concentration of walruses in the adjacent waters of these islands every summer, the largest concentration being in Round Island, where 14,000 male walruses which have hauled out, have been observed on a single day. The island group forms the Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary, managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and a permit is required to visit Round Island. On January 11, 2017, President Barack Obama announced the designation of the island group as a National Historic Landmark District. The island contains a copious record of archaeological evidence of human occupation dating back to the Norton Tradition 6,000 years ago, about the time Bering Sea level rose to separate the Islands from the mainland, and the more recent Thule Tradition.</p><br>
<p>The Walrus Islands should not be confused with Walrus Island located in the southeastern shores of the Bristol Bay or with tiny Walrus Island located in the Pribilof group.</p><br>
<p>The Knuessl Building is a historic mid-19th Century commercial building in downtown Ottawa, Illinois. It was built around 1868 by a local pharmacist. The Knuessl Building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Knuessl Building was built for Maxmillion Knuessl, a German-born Ottawan who came to the city in 1855. Knuessl was a trained druggist. The building served as his drugstore until his children later moved it in 1895, a few years after their father&#39;s death. The Knuessl Brothers Drug Store was in business into the 1940s. The structure has had many other uses through the years, including housing other businesses, churches, and storage.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Knuessl Building is 34 ft wide by 80 ft long and stands 54 ft tall. It is the most prominent structure in a block of commercial buildings along West Main Street in Ottawa. The front elevation is divided by a center staircase leading to the upper floors and creating two storefronts. In 1912 the building underwent some alterations which moved the storefront entrances from centered, to either side, creating a single, large display area for each storefront. The Knuessl Building is an example of the transition from wood-framed building construction to masonry construction in the 1860s. The building represents a mid-19th century commercial building design meant to evoke the Italian Renaissance known as Italianate.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Knuessl Building and the building adjacent it are the only two in the commercial block that retain much of their front facade details and ornamentation, especially their cornices, arched windows and storefronts. The Knuessl is one of the most intact mid-19th century buildings in Ottawa. It is a locally significant example of a mid-19th century commercial design, Italianate, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Directors Quarters, Togus Veterans Administration Center, previously known as the Governor&#39;s House, is a historic house on the grounds of the Veterans Administration  facility in Togus, Maine. The house, built in 1869, is historically significant as the only surviving structure of the first National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, established at Togus in 1866 to serve American Civil War veterans. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It is a contributing element of the historic district encompassing the Togus VA campus.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Governor&#39;s House is a -story brick structure, with a mansard roof and a granite foundation. Its main block is three bays wide and three bays deep, with shuttered sash windows set in openings with granite sills and segmented-arch lintels. The main (south-facing) facade, has a single-story enclosed porch across its center half, topped by a shallow-pitch hip roof. A two-story wing extends to the rear of the main block, significantly increasing its size. The house as 22 rooms in all, and has retained most of its original woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The site that is now the Togus VA facility is the first veterans facility established by the United States. It was established by an act of Congress in 1866, to provide a space for "any worthy soldier" who was "suffering such a degree of disability" so as to need such a facility. The property acquired by the government was a summer resort, capitalizing on local mineral springs, that had gone bankrupt in the war. This facility opened in 1866, and its main buildings were destroyed or damaged by fire in 1868. The government embarked on a major building campaign in 1868–69, of which the residence of the facility&#39;s governor (now director) is now the only surviving building. The buildings of this building campaign were designed by the Boston architect Benjamin F. Dwight, and the contractor was Nathaniel Head of Hooksett, New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>It continues to be used for residential purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton County Courthouse, built between 1911 and 1914, is a historic courthouse building located at 136 Pryor Street SW in Atlanta, seat of Fulton County, Georgia. It was designed by noted Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown , along with the Atlanta firm of Morgan & Dillon. It replaced an earlier building that had been designed by architect William H. Parkins. It is officially the Lewis R. Slaton Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>On September 18, 1980, the original building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (refnum 80001074). An annex across the street is connected via skywalk. Both are located in South Downtown.</p><br>
<p>On March 11, 2005, Brian Nichols killed three people, including a judge and a police sergeant, while escaping from the courthouse. He later killed an off-duty federal agent before being recaptured.</p><br>
<p>The Jeremiah Strawn House is a historic house in the city of Ottawa, Illinois. It is a good example of a front-gabled house with Italianate detailing. The Strawn House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jeremiah Strawn House in Ottawa, Illinois was built in three phases from around 1855&ndash;70 for property owner Jeremiah Strawn. Strawn purchased the property in 1857 from William Osman for US$4,000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Strawn House is a high-integrity example of the front-gable architectural design, also known as Mid 19th Century Design. Essentially this style of American residential design was loosely based upon Greek and Roman models. Large-scale American sympathy for the Greek War of Independence, archaeological investigations and the proliferation of design models in publications all helped spread this style. The Strawn House features Italianate detailing such as the brackets beneath the eaves. Though the Strawn House was constructed at the height of popularity for Greek Revival style it still maintains many elements of the earlier Classical Revival period.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The Strawn House is a good example of a front-gabled house. The house is architecturally significant as the only example of such design in Ottawa, with most others falling into the Italianate or Greek Revival categories.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton County Courthouse, built in 1870, is a historic courthouse building located in Wauseon, Ohio. On May 7, 1973, it was added to the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fulton County was established in 1850 from parts of Williams and Lucas counties. The Ohio General Assembly appointed three commissioners to select the county seat of the newly formed county. They chose a location at the geographical center of the county, and named it "Centre."</p><br>
<p>The village was renamed Ottokee shortly thereafter at the suggestion of Col. Dresden Howard to honor the Odawa Chief Ot-to-kee. The courts were held in the home of Robert Howard until a courthouse could be constructed. In 1851 the completed two-story wood-frame structure rising to a dome. This courthouse burned in a fire in 1864 forcing the county to hastily plan a new second courthouse.</p><br>
<p>This second courthouse was constructed out of brick. The facade was punctuated by pilasters separating the arched windows. This courthouse served the county until a decision was made to move the county seat. Years after the move the old courthouse was still in use as the county infirmary.</p><br>
<p>Ottokee remained the county seat and defeated many attempts to move the courts, until 1869, when a railroad company surveyed the area and chose Wauseon as a stopping point. The county seat relocated there shortly thereafter. The same act that established the new county seat was passed, it also included $5,000 to complete a new courthouse.</p><br>
<p>This new courthouse, the third for the county, and the first for Wauseon, was completed in 1872 and is in use today. The architect, C.C. Miller, designed the courthouse in the Italianate style and Alexander Voss and H.B. Bensman were responsible for building and construction. The total cost of the courthouse was $45,722.27.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The primary bulk of the courthouse is a long rectangular block with a central projection; an addition was added to the rear of the building. The red brick structure rests on a rusticated sandstone foundation, which is pierced by small square windows. The first floor is illuminated by square windows with a slight arch and each is topped with a decorative header; the second floor windows are long arched windows with the same header treatment. Between the windows are pilasters rising from the foundation to the roofline. The hipped roof rests on an entablature decorated with dentil moldings. The roof rises to a flat roof which in turn supports a central tower with arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The central projection contains a portico with arched openings and contains the entrance. Arched windows light the second floor and a balcony is located in the front. The entablature carries over onto the projection with the tower rising for another two levels before terminating in platform lined with a balustrade. Below this platform is a four-faced clock and arched vents where the courthouse bell is kept.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The buildings main entry is set in the middle of the front tower. After walking through the vestibule, one can turn immediately to the left and climb a staircase to the second-story courtroom. Extensive artwork is present in the courtroom, including murals of interactions between Indians and Americans during the countys earliest years, multiple oil paintings, and wood carvings, plus a dome with stained glass.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>In October 2018, major renovations began on the courthouse. Fulton County commissioners awarded a $3.86 million contract last week to Mosser Construction for the renovation work, which is expected to take 10 months, according to the commissioners’ office. The project&#39;s total budget, including design costs, was set at about $4.2 million. The project will include replacement of the heating and cooling systems, the addition of security and technology features, a new elevator that is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, updates to offices, and a historic restoration of the common pleas courtroom. Among the historical renovations envisioned are original elevated theater-style seating in the common pleas courtroom, where a law library was constructed in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The Belvidere USA Post Office is a historic building located in the Illinois city&#39;s downtown business district. It was built in 1911 and represents a good example of Classical Revival architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as United States Post Office-Belvidere in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Belvidere USA Post Office was constructed in 1911, by Rockford contractor E. Maffioli. A.N. Eason was the construction supervisor for the Treasury Department and the building was constructed according to a schedule which slated completion for September 1, 1911 and occupancy for October 11, 1911. The building was completed on schedule and dedicated on October 11, 1911, attracting a large crowd. The building served as post office until it was put up for sale in 1997. It was sold in 1998 to a member of the public.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Belvidere USA Post Office was built in the Classical Revival style of architecture and was designed by Supervising Architect of the USA Treasury James Knox Taylor. The building uses a free mix of Classical and Renaissance forms and possesses several elements characteristic of Classical Revival. The interior dome, the broken pediment over the entryway (a Greek Revival form), finely dressed stonework, a monumental scale, and sculptural stone details are all commonly found among Classical Revival-styled buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Belvidere Post Office reflects the designs of post offices promoted by the USA federal government in the early 1900s. The post office is an architecturally significant example of Classical Revival architecture and one of Belvidere&#39;s most elaborate Classical buildings. The USA Post Office in Belvidere, Illinois was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Mosher Farmstead is located at 1016 Sherwood Road in Aurora, New York. The farm was established in 1887 when it was purchased by E.W. Mosher, and remains in the Mosher family today. It is significant as a largely intact example of a late eighteenth/early nineteenth century farm. Various buildings on the farm, especially the large U-shaped barn, are also significant architecturally. The entire farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Henry Weaver House, a California Bungalow, is in Santa Monica, California. It was built in 1910 by the Milwaukee Building Company for Henry Weaver, a Midwestern hotel developer. The house&#39;s broad roof overhang, prominent front porch and emphasis on natural colors and materials are unique features of the American Craftsman California Bungalow Style, which "fit the Southland landscape, Southland climate and Southland temperament," according to a 1910 Los Angeles Times article on the Weaver house.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the house began in 1985, and the house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>In Los Angeles: An Architectural Guide, David Gebhard and Robert Winter describe it as “A gorgeous example of Craftsman orientalism, worthy of Charles and Henry Greene.”</p><br>
<p>Horatio West Court, built in Santa Monica, California in 1919, is an early example of attached houses with shared pedestrian and vehicle access. The six little buildings are grouped on a 60-foot lot. It was designed by Irving Gill.</p><br>
<p>Horatio West Court divides its narrow lot symmetrically, placing two units on either side of a driveway that runs the length of the lot to a rear parking area, where two garages are topped with little apartments. Each building is a slightly inflected, flat-roofed two-story cube to which a small entrance porch and a walled terrace has been added. The arched entry ways and small patio courts reflect Gill&#39;s affinity for the Mission Revival style. However, the buildings themselves fall squarely into the Modern Movement.</p><br>
<p>Richard Neutra extensively photographed the Horatio West Court as well as Gills Dodge House and published in his book Amerika: Neues Bauen in der Welt (1930). In Leland Roths American Architecture: A History, the Horatio West Court is described as "Gills flat-roof crisply-rectilinear apartment complex." In Coastal California, John A. Vlahides and Tullan Spitz describe the complex as "one of the best examples of Irving Gills revolutionary modernism."</p><br>
<p>The Horatio West Court was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the first building in the City of Santa Monica to be listed in the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of images</h2><br>
<p>Horatio West Court 4.JPG</p><br>
<p>Horatio West Court 3.JPG</p><br>
<p>Horatio West Court 2.JPG</p><br>
<p>Charmont Apartments is an historic five-story apartment building in Santa Monica, California which was built in 1928. Designed by architect Max Maltzman with elements of both the Mission Revival-Spanish Colonial Revival style and the Art Deco style, the Charmont was a luxurious high-rise when it was built. The blending of Spanish Colonial Revival and Art Deco elements was popular style in the 1920s and is sometimes known as "Med-Deco." The main entrance is located in a walled courtyard that features a two-tiered fountain with an intricate Moorish-patterned backsplash in polychrome tile.</p><br>
<p>The Charmont combines Spanish Colonial Revival and Art Deco/Moderne architecture. The Moderne elements include stylized geometric motifs and extensive use of chevron motifs. Spanish Colonial elements include the courtyard plan, massing, smooth stucco walls, clay tile roofs, and fountain.</p><br>
<p>The building was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake and subsequently rehabilitated and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Sovereign is a large five-story, 130 unit apartment building in Santa Monica, California, United States. Built in 1928, it was designed by architect Kurt Meyer-Radon and the Anglo American Building Company in the Mission Revival-Spanish Colonial Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>The building contains primarily single apartments and one bedroom apartments, many of which are currently under rent control.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the Sovereign&#39;s operation appears to have transitioned to include a more traditional hotel format with the construction of the small wing that may have contained a dining room. The street level sign identifying the building as the “Sovereign Hotel” also dates from this era.</p><br>
<p>In Los Angeles: An Architectural Guide, David Gebhard and Robert Winter, wrote, "There was no reticence here on the part of the architect in showing how many Spanish Colonial Revival forms and details could be used."</p><br>
<p>The Sovereign Hotel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Edgewood, also known as Higginbotham House, is a historic home located at 138 Garland Avenue in Amherst, Amherst County, Virginia. It was built in 1818, by Arthur B. Davies a local attorney and Amherst County Court Clerk. It is a two-story, seven-bay, T-plan brick dwelling in the Greek Revival style. It sits on an English basement and features a two-story pedimented wooden portico. Additions made in 1972 are in the Federal style. The house retains most of its original woodwork and mantels, and features murals painted by an unknown local artist. The building housed the Higginbotham Academy from 1851 to 1860, as well as the local Masonic Hall, and meeting place for a Methodist congregation.</p><br>
<p>On August 16, 2006, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Edgewood, also known as Massie House and Boulder Springs, is a historic home and farm located at 591 Puppy Creek Road near Amherst, Amherst County, Virginia. It was built by Joseph Hardin Massie between 1858 and 1869. It is a two-story, T-shaped plan, brick house, with a copper-clad gable roof in the Greek Revival style. The house was altered between 1900 and 1927. Also on the property are the contributing bank barn, a 19th-century corn crib,</p><br>
<p>c. 1920 cattle corral, a 19th-century log house, a family cemetery and the ruins of outbuildings and</p><br>
<p>secondary dwellings.</p><br>
<p>On March 14, 2008, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
